High Frequency Ultrasound Images and Histology of a Mouse Tumor

High frequency ultrasonic images ((a) and (b)) and histology ((c) and (d)) of a mouse tumor are shown. The tumor cell line (WF-3) was used as an ovarian cancer model injected subcutaneously into a C57BL/6 mouse. The tumor shown in (a) had a diameter of 2 mm and the Power Doppler image indicated a relatively uniform blood flow distribution within the tumor. The image shown in (b) was taken from the same mouse two weeks later. The diameter of the tumor grew to 4 mm and the blood flow became relatively less distributed in the center region. This is consistent with the histological results, where the presence of endothelial cells, as highlighted by immunohistochemistry staining (rat anti-mouse CD31 mAb, 1:30 dilution), is mainly located in the outer region of the tumor ((d), 400X light microscope magnification covering approximately 1 mm by 1 mm) compared to that in the inner region ((c)). The imaging frequency was at 40 MHz. The results show that high frequency ultrasound can be potentially used as a tool to evaluate angiogenesis of a small animal cancer model.

Images courtesy of Pai-Chi Li, Yen-Fu Chen, Wen-Fang Cheng, and Fon-Jou Hsieh. P.-C. Li and Y.-F. Chen are with the National Taiwan University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan. W.-F. Chen and F.-J. Hsieh are with the National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan

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Real-time B-scans of Various Cysts Using a 2-D Array with Multiplexing

The cover shows a 65,536-element, 4 × 4-cm, 5-MHz 2-D array (left) used in a real-time rectilinear 3-D ultrasound system with receive mode multiplexing. A collage of B-scans (right) shows 2, 1, and 0.5 cm diameter cylindrical cysts with contrasts -12, -9, and -6 dB in rows A, B, and C respectively. See article on page. 216.

Image courtesy of Jesse T. Yen and Stephen W. Smith. J.T. Yen is with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. S. W. Smith is with the the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC.

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Ultra-Fast Imaging of the Vectorial Displacements Induced by Shear Wave Propagation

These successive images (40 × 50 mm²) show transverse and longitudinal displacements (± 10 μm) of a shear wave induced in a tissue mimicking phantom by an 8 mm diameter piston. Measurements are achieved by a 1-D linear 4 MHz array (located at the image top) acquiring more than 2000 ultrasonic images per second.

(Image courtesy of Mickaël Tanter, Jeremy Bercoff, Laurent Sandrin and Mathias Fink, Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, CNRS, France.)

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Three-Dimensional Surface Rendering of Virtual Histology(tm) with Intravascular Ultrasound Pullback Data in a Human Coronary Artery

The image is one of the views available in the custom built software for analyzing intravascular ultrasound backscatter data. The plaque composition is depicted in color on the luminal surface of a human left anterior descending coronary artery, over a length of 56 mm. Data was acquired in vivo with IRB approval. Green is fibrous tissue, yellow is fibro-lipidic, red is lipid-core and white represents calcifications. The software assesses the geometry and composition of atherosclerosis and provides quantitative results in real time. This software was developed in the department of Biomedical Engineering of the Lerner Research Institute, at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation.

Image courtesy of Anuja Nair, Jon D. Klingensmith, Barry D. Kuban and D. Geoffrey Vince, of the department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH. See article on page 420.

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Ultrasound Intensity Redistribution for Vessels with Wall Irregularities

A long cylindrical-type vessel has an irregularly shaped inclusion in the wall. In (a) the sound speed in the wall inclusion is 10% less than in the surrounding tissue; in (b) it is 10% greater.

Intensity (calculated following the method in our paper on page 566) is shown on a dB scale, with red corresponding to 0 dB, yellow -3 dB, light blue -6 dB and dark blue -9 dB. Initially uniform ultrasound, incident obliquely from above, is redistributed, with interference patterns giving enhancement and shadow regions in the lumen and elsewhere, according to the properties of the wall inclusion.

Parameters are: sound speed in tissue 1540 ms-1; sound speed in lumen 1580 ms-1; angle of incidence 45°; US frequency 5 MHz; vessel diameter 4 mm.

Image courtesy of Rosemary S. Thompson*, Charles Macaskill, W. Barrie Fraser, and Les Farnell, University of Sydney, Mathematics & Statistics, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

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Directional Scholte Wave Generation and Detection Using Interdigital Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers

The images show the finite element analysis results for the pressure field in water resulting from the excitation of a phased interdigital capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array. The fingers of the interdigital CMUT are coupled to a water half space and are driven at 10 MHz with signals: in phase (top), -90° out of phase (middle), and +90° out of phase (bottom). The results illustrate the ability to generate highly directional Scholte interface waves that appear as planar wave fronts propagating to the right in the bottom image. These waves can be used for fluid sensing and bidirectional pumping in microfluidic environments. The total lateral distance in the shown area is 7 mm.

Images courtesy of Jeff McLean and F. Levent Degertekin, G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. See article on page 756.

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Real-Time Vector Doppler

The color image shows a 2-D flow data produced with a real-time vector Doppler system. Each arrow in the color coded overlay shows the local direction of flow of blood-mimicking fluid. Note how the flow changes direction as it proceeds towards the upper-right corner (flow is from left to right). This image was produced using a 7.5 MHz linear array probe.

Image courtesy Marco Scabia, Lorenzo Capineri, and Leonardo Masotti, University of Florence, Electronics and Telecommunications, Florence, Italy.

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Design and Fabrication of Annular Arrays for High Frequency Ultrasound

The design, fabrication, and performance of miniature high frequency annular arrays are described. A 50 MHz, 2 mm diameter, 7-element, equal area annular array was fabricated and tested. The array elements were defined using photolithography and the electrical contacts were made using ultrasonic wire bonding.

Image courtesy of Jeremy A. Brown, Christine E. Démoré, and Geoffrey R. Lockwood, the Department of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada. See article on page 1010.

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Application of the Minimum Sum Squared Error (MSSE) Technique for Enhanced Depth of Field

Application of the minimum sum squared error (MSSE) technique to enhance the depth of field of an ultrasound system. Both images were constructed by superimposing CW psfs at multiple ranges. The images are shown on a logarithmic scale and are a function of range and lateral position.

Images courtesy of Karthik Ranganathan and William F. Walker, University of Virginia, Biomedical Engineering, Charlottesville, VA. See article K. Ranganathan and W. F. Walker, "A novel beamformer design method for medical ultrasound. Part II: Simulation results," IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 25-39, Jan. 2003.

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Optical and Electron Micrographs of Matching Layer for Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Applications

Images on the front cover show SEM and optical micrographs of a cross section of an acoustic matching layer for improvement of ultrasonic transducer coupling to an air load. These micrographs comprised much of the information that was necessary in the development of a linear model of the technology that was used to understand performance and to achieve the designs that enable 30dB improvement when attached to the transmit and receive transducers operating in pitch/catch mode. The electron micrograph was used to estimate the dimensions of the two constituent materials: Membrane Filter (MF) and Silicone Rubber (SR), as well as the degree of the overlapping saturated filter (SF) layer. The MSR layer observed in the optical micrograph corresponds to a modification of optical properties of the SR underneath the surface, whereas the SEM micrograph only shows the topography of the surface. This modification has had the result of reducing the acoustic velocity in that region, as was also indicated by transmission coefficient and cross correlation measurements with prototype matching layers.

Flow Patterns of a Protein Analyte Solution in the Sample Compartment of a Langasite Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave (LGS SH-SAW) Biosensor

The images were generated by introducing a fluorescent solution into the 5 x 2 x 1 mm sensor chamber. The three images from top to bottom depict the displacement of protein solution from right to left, rinsing proteins from the chamber. The spatial distribution and intensity of fluorescence remaining following introduction of this non-fluorescent solution is represented as contour height and pseudocolor ranging from low (violet) to high (red-white).

Image courtesy of Eric Berkenpas, Shivashanker Bitla, Paul Millard, and Mauricio Pereira da Cunha, University of Maine, Orono, ME. See article Pure Shear Horizontal Saw Biosensor On Langasite on page 1403.

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Transverse Flow Image

Color flow mapping image of parabolic, laminar flow in a straight tube. A 7 MHz linear array transducer was used together with the experimental RASMUS sampling system to acquire signals from 128 transducer element using multiplexing. Beamforming along the flow direction was performed to obtain signals used in a cross-correlation estimator. A velocity transverse to the ultrasound was estimated with a relative standard deviation of 4.3 % at 90 degrees. See article J. A. Jensen and R. Bjerngaard, "Directional Velocity Estimation Using Focusing Along the Flow Direction II: Experimental Investigation," IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 873-880 Jul. 2003.

Image courtesy of Dr. Jørgen Arendt Jensen, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted·DTU, Lyngby, Denmark.

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