ABSTRACT Total variance is a statistical tool developed for improved estimates of frequency stability at averaging times up to one-half the test duration. As a descriptive statistic, total variance performs an exact decomposition of the sample variance of the frequency residuals into components associated with increasing averaging times. As an estimator of Allan variance, total variance has greater equivalent degrees of freedom and lesser mean square error than the standard unbiased estimator has.
1999 IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Vol. 46, pp. 1183-1191, 1999
© 1999, by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.