ABSTRACT Commonly, the required short-term frequency stability of an ultra stable quartz crystal oscillator (USXO) is a few parts in 10-13 for averaging times of a few seconds. Moreover, the USXO must typically achieve a relative frequency variation of a few parts in 10-10 over a temperature range from -30 to +70°C. Consequently, the USXO has to be ovenized. Basic data concerning the static and dynamic frequency versus temperature effects are first reviewed. These data allow one to evaluate how efficient the thermal regulator must be to achieve the aimed features in terms of temperature sensitivity. Usually the static thermal gain must reach at least 1000. A standard proportional-integral thermal controller, which can eliminate the static error, cannot afford doing this when fast thermal disturbances exist. Here, the thermal filtering must work in accordance with the cut-off frequency of the frequency-temperature transfer function of the quartz resonator. There exist various methods to control the oscillator temperature. The usual method consists of using more than one temperature-controlled oven. This is often a volume-consuming process. An alternative approach, which is much simpler, is to add a slight compensation upon the feedback control system. Finally, a third way to improve the temperature regulation is based on a distribution of the monitored power. Obviously, a combination of those solutions is possible. Advantages and drawbacks of each of them are discussed in the paper. Practical results are shown and illustrated with 10-MHz USXOs.
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